DIVINITIES

   The Etruscan pantheon was arranged in a precise hierarchical cosmology that can be partly understood from literary sources, inscriptions, and iconography. One important artifact is the model liver of Piacenza, which shows firsthand the spatial arrangement of principal divinities. From these combined sources, the divinities located in the first four celestial regions, running from north to east, are Tinia (equivalent to Zeus) and Uni (equivalent to Hera), and then from east to south, Nethuns (equivalent to Poseidon) and Cavtha. In a further four earthly regions, we find Fufluns (equivalent to Dionysius) and Selvans. Finally, in the subterranean regions we find Cel, Culsu, Vetis, and Cilens. Other divinities include Acheloos, Ades, Ais, Aita, Alpanu, Ani, Aplu, Artumes, Atuns, Castur, Catmite, Cavtha, Cel, Charun, Cilens, Culsans, Esplace, Hercle, Laran, Lasa, Letham, Mania, Mantus, Maris, Menrva, Pherspinai, Pultuce, Satres, Semla, Sethlans, Tages, Thesan, Tiur, Turan, Turms, Usil, Vea, and Velthumna or Voltumna.